جمله واره وصفی لازم و غیر لازم در زبان انگلیسی Restrictive (or defining) and Non-restrictive (or non-defining) Relative Clauses
ضمایر موصولی برای معرفی 2 نوع جمله واره وصفی لازم و غیر لازم استفاده میشود.
جمله واره موصولی لازم (Restrictive / defining relative clause )
جمله واره ایست که در مورد اسمی در جمله واره اصلی ،که میتواند شخص یا شی ئی باشد ، اطلاعاتی را ارائه میکند. جمله واره لازم معمولا بعد از اسم قرارمیگیرد و اگر از جمله حذف شود ، روی معنی تاثیر میگذارد. کلمه that بیشتر از بقیه ضمایر موصولی مثل who, whom و which بکار میرود. وقتی از that استفاده میکنیم برای تکمیل معنی حضور جمله واره ضروری میشود. با جمله واره های لازم کاما استفاده نمیکنیم. Whose هم ممکن است استفاده شود.
اطلاعاتی که جمله واره لازم میدهد باعث بهتر شناهته شدن اسم مرجعش میشود. در جملات زیر جمله واره های لازم پررنگ نوشته شده اند.
Examples:
That is the ship which is said to be haunted..
Police found the woman that owns the place.
The boy who is pointing at the sky saw a UFO.
اگر جمله واره ی لازم حذف شود؟
ضمایر موصولی در جملات بالا نقش نهاد دارند. جمله واره لازم قابل حذف نیست وگرنه معنی ازبین میرود یا تغییر میکند.
Examples:
That is the ship. (What is it about the ship?)
Police found the woman. (What about the woman?)
The boy saw a UFO. (Which boy saw the UFO?)
That در clause های لازم میتواند جانشین whom, who, which شود.
Examples:
It was a young couple who moved in next door.
It was a young couple that moved in next door.
It was her parents whom he was most anxious to meet.
It was her parents that he was most anxious to meet.
The coconut which dropped on his left ear nearly killed him.
The coconut that dropped on his left ear nearly killed him.
وقتی ضمیر موصولی نهاد است نمیشود از جمله حذف شود
ضمیر موصولی میتواند نهاد در جمله واره لازم را معرفی کند. وقتی ضمیر موصولی نهاد است نمیشود از جمله حذف شود. به جملات زیر دقت
Examples:
Incorrect: I think I know that woman walked onto the stage.
Correct: I think I know that woman who walked onto the stage.
Incorrect: This is the old house is without a roof.
Correct: This is the old house which is without a roof.
Incorrect: He was the man killed the crocodile.
Correct: He was the man that killed the crocodile.
ضمیر موصولی ای که مفعول است قابل حذف کردن است.
ضمیر موصولی در جمله واره موصولی ممکن است مفعول را معرفی کند. ضمیر موصولی ای که مفعول است قابل حذف کردن است.
Examples:
The repairman whom you called has arrived.
The repairman you called has arrived.
The fish that you caught will be cooked for dinner..
The fish you caught will be cooked for dinner.
در clause های لازم When, where, whose , why استفاده میشوند.
Examples:
I regret passing up those opportunities when I could have got married.
That is the bullring where we used to watch bullfights.
That is my fat auntie whose husband is a lot fatter than her.
There are a few reasons why I can’t lend you the money.
جمله واره غیر لازم (Non-restrictive/ non-defining relative )
یک جمله واره غیر لازم اطلاعات بیشتری راجع به اسمی که قبلا معرفی شده میدهد. چون اطلاعات ضروری نیستند جمله واره قابل حذف هست. That در این جمله واره بکار نمیرود ولی , who, whom, whose whichاستفاده میشوند.
قبل از clause های غیر لازم کاما استفاده میشود ولی اگر وسط جمله باشد دو طرفش کاما میگذازیم.
Examples:
Nick, who is my good friend, has made it to the final of the competition.
My cousin Dick, whose father is my father’s elder brother, and I have been good mates ever since we were at school together.
Examples:
No: His grandfather is Mr Beardson that has a long beard.
Yes: His grandfather is Mr Beardson, who has a long beard.
No: He collects peacock feathers that he started five years ago.
Yes: He collects peacock feathers, which he started five years ago.
No: The dog that we bought recently is always barking loudly at cats.
Yes: The dog, which we bought recently, is always barking loudly at cats.
جمله واره های قرمز غیر لازم هستند و حذفشان معنی را تغییر نمیدهد.
Examples:
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci, who was also a prolific engineer and inventor.
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
Sam,who died last year, was our favourite uncle.
Sam was our favourite uncleShe often walks to the library, which is not far from her house.
She often walks to the library.
Who, whom, which میتوانند بعنوان مفعول جمله واره غیر لازم باشند.
Examples:
One of our classmates is Alice, who we like.
His girlfriend ran away with his best friend, whom he trusted.
He is selling his wheelbarrow, which is a big one.
جمله واره غیر لازم ممکن است برای توصیف کل جمله واره اصلی استفاده شود.
Examples:
He left to work overseas, which was a great loss to us.
We have not had a car for a few years, which means that we have saved a lot on fuel and maintenance.
تفاوت میان جمله واره لازم و غیر لازم
Examples:
Bobby’s sister, who works as a nurse, is my sister’s friend.
بابی فقط یک خواهر دارد که پرستار است
Bobby’s sister who works as a nurse is my sister’s friend. .
(Bobby has more than one sister, and the one who is my sister’s friend is a nurse.)
بابی بیشتر از یک خواهر دارد و اونی که دوست خواهر من هست پرستار است.
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