verb + ing ( فعل+ ing ) در زبان انگلیسی
وقتی ing به ریشه فعل وصل میشود: فعل + ing بعنوان present participle ( وجه التزامی حال فعل)، صفت ، gerund ( اسم مصدر) را میسازد. موارد استفاده هر کدام در قسمت های زیر با جزئیات توضیح داده شده :
فعل + ing که برای present participle استفاده میشود.
فعل + ing که به عنوان صفت کابرد دارد.
فعل + ing که به عنوان gerund استفاده میشود.
1 ) فعل + ing بعنوان present participle
وقتی فعل + ing میشود present participle ساخته میشودکه معمولا بعد از فعل کمکی می آید تا مضارع مستمر بسازد.، این نوع مضارع بیانگر اتفاقاتیست که درحال حاضر در حال رخ دادن می باشند.
Examples:
Three balloons are rising steadily into the sky.
A noisy crowd is watching two cocks fight in a cockpit.
The burglars were stealing from drawers.
In the sentences, rising, watching and stealing are present participles.
در این جملات rising , watching ,stealing ، (وجه التزامی حال فعل) present participle هستند.
مثال های بیشتر از فعل + ing بعنوان present participle :
She is still crying.
The two dogs are barking at the clown.
A small dog was chasing a big cat.
The sisters were window-shopping.
“What am I doing?” “Can’t you see I am thinking?!”
جایگاه فعل + ing بعنوان present participle در جمله:
Examples:
present participle میتواند قبل از ………….. بیاید:
فعل + ing بعنوان present participle قبل مفعول
He is scratching his head.
Father and son are throwing and catching a ball on the beach.
مکمل
We are all getting older.
Jack and Jill are becoming close friends.
فعل + ing بعنوان present participle قبل از مفعول و مکمل
His behaviour is making her angry. (Object: her; complement: angry)
Mum and dad are buying us ice creams.
قید
The whole family are gathering together in a lift.
Abu is riding a camel alone in the desert.
فعل + حرف اضافه +( فعل + ing بعنوان present participle)
Examples:
I apologized for stepping on her toes.
They finally decided on robbing a smaller bank.
Sometimes Jack and Jill think of going up the hill.
She’s going to concentrate on winning the game.
Present participle بعد از حرف ربط
وقتی در جمله ای present participle و حرف ربط باشد ، present participle بعد از حرف ربط می آید. این جمله ها فقط وقتی که دو جمله واره یک فاعل داشته باشند، بوجود می آیند.
Examples:
Our boss went to play golf in spite of feeling unwell..
Johnny has not been seen since leaving home this morning..
She is paid well for cleaning the office.
When leaving his bedroom, he never fails to turn off the light.
We always have some hot drink after swimming.
جمله واره ها با فاعل یکسان
معمولا وقت دو فعالیت در یک زمان در حال انجام شدن هستن و فاعل یکسان است ، جمله واره ing دار قبل از جمله واره اصلی می آید.
Examples:
Pointing at the bright object in the sky, he shouted “Look! UFO!”
Rowing the boat upstream, we puffed and panted.
Diving into the water, he swam to the other side of the pool..
Picking up a stone, the boy threw it at a passing train. .
جمله واره هایی با فاعل متفاوت
وقتی فاعل جمله واره اصلی و ing دار متفاوت است ، جمله واره اصلی نباید اول بیاید وگرنه participle معلق ( dangling participle ) میسازد.
Examples:
After drinking for three hours, the sky began to get dark.
( فاعل جمله واره اصلی باید کسی که سه ساعت مشروب خورده باشد، اما فاعل جمله واره اصلی sky هست
تصحیح:
After drinking for three hours, we saw/noticed the sky begin to get dark.)
Looking at the sky, black clouds are spreading.
( تصحیح:
: Looking at the sky, I saw black clouds spread across the sky.)
شکل ساده فعل + مفعول مستقیم + present participle
در چنین ساختاری جمله واره ی ing دار مثل مکمل مفعول عمل میکند و مشخص میکند شخص، یا شیء چه کاری انجام میدهد. میتوانیم شکل ساده فعل را بجای present participle استفاده کنیم ، بدون اینکه معنی جمله تغییر کرده باشد.
Examples:
We watched them fighting in the street.
We watched them fight in the street.
I saw a couple of ducks waddling along the river bank..
I saw a family of ducks waddle along the river bank.
I heard a clock ticking somewhere in the house.
I heard a clock tick somewhere in the house.
This photo shows him riding the farmer’s cow.
This photo shows him ride the farmer’s cow.
Someone caught him stealing a cookie from the cookie jar.
Someone caught him steal a cookie from the cookie jar.
استفاده از while :
در اخرین جملات مثال بالا حرف ربط while بهتر است بدون تغییر معنی هر جمله بکار برود. ااستفاده از while یعنی فعالیت جمله واره وابسته وقتی فعالیت جمله واره اصلی اتفاق می افتد هنوز در جریان است.
Examples:
We watched them while they were fighting in the street.
I saw a couple of ducks while they were waddling along the river..
I heard a clock while it was ticking somewhere in the house.
This photo shows him while he was riding the farmer’s cow.
Someone caught him while he was stealing a cookie from the cookie jar.
استفاده از with
وقتی نهاد جمله واره اصلی و وابسته باهم متفاوت باشند کلمه with استفاده میشود.
Examples:
He walked a long distance with sweat trickling down his face.
With a helicopter appearing above them, they thought it was probably patrolling the coastal waters.
With the sky clearing, we knew we had the opportunity to go fishing.
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