????? ?? ???? ??????? (phrase) ?????
????? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ???. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? :
- ????? ????
- ????? ????
- ????? ????
- ????? ????
- ????? gerund
- ????? ?????
- ????? ????
- ????? ?? ??? ?????
????? ????? : ????? ???: Absolute phrase ( ????? ????)
????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? participle ( ??? ???? ???) ? modifier ( ????) ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? . ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? . participle ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? participle ???? ??? ??????? ????.
????? ???? ?????? modifier ???? ???? ????? ( ???? ???? ????) ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????.
Examples of absolute phrases shown in bold.
His knife in hand, the deranged man threatened to slit the policemans throat.
(knife = noun; his, in hand = modifiers)
The girls standing side by side, they sang the national anthem loudly together.
(girl = noun; standing = participle; side by side = modifier)
The putrid smell of the carrion having attracted a group of vultures, we decided to spend the day taking photographs of the birds.
(In the sentence, the absolute phrase the putrid smell of the carrion having attracted a group of vultures is followed by a comma, and consists of the noun smell modified by the participial phrase having attracted a group of vultures.)
????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.
Their mouths uttering prayer for lasting world peace, the long-bearded cult members gathered on the beach.
The long-bearded cult members, their mouths uttering prayer for lasting world peace, gathered on the beach.
The long-bearded cult members gathered on the beach, their mouths uttering prayer for lasting world peace.
????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
A dark shadow appearing from behind a tree, Jane and her sister screamed and ran.
A dark shadow appeared from behind the tree, so Jane and her sister screamed and ran.
The escaped prisoner still at large in the town, its residents shut their doors tight.
The escaped prisoner was still at large in the town, and the residents shut their doors tight.
The politician has many bad habits, lying being one of them.
The politician has many bad habits and lying is one of them.
????? ????? : ????? ??? : ????? ????
?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ( predicate adjective ) ?? ???.
???? ????? ????:
The hotel restaurant serves really delicious meals. (Attributive adjective phrase)
The air was filled with the fresh scent of flowers. (Predicative adjective phrase)
Everyone knows she is angry with you. (Predicative adjective phrase modifies pronoun.)
The sky is cloudy. (Predicate adjective cloudy follows the linking verb is after the noun/subject sky.)
????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? modifier ?????:
Everyone knows she is very angry with you.
(????? ???? ?? very ????? ??? .)
????? ????? : ????? ???:Adverbial phrase ( ????? ????)
????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???: ?? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? . ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? . ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ????:
( ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ? modify ??? ? ????? ????? ???.)
He ate his ice cream in a train.
(The adverbial phrase in a train modifies the verb ate.)
She seems happy with her puppies.
(The adverbial phrase with her puppies modifies the adjective happy.)
Bob hates to wake up early on Monday morning.
(The adverbial phrase on Monday morning modifies the adverb early.)
????? ????? : ????? ?????: Appositive phrase ( ????? ????)
????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? modifier ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????.
???? ????? ???? :
?????? ???? ???? ?????.
Bobby, his twin brother, is hours older than he.
(The appositive phrase his twin brother follows the noun Bobby that it identifies.)
A head chef in a London hotel, George is the only son in a family of five daughters.
(The appositive phrase a head chef in a London hotel precedes the noun George that it modifies.)
??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????:
????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ???.
The famous singer Carole King is an American composer and singer-songwriter.
(No commas are used to enclose the appositive as the information is essential. Without the appositive , there would be no idea which famous singer is being referred to: The famous singer is an American composer and singer-songwriter.)
( ???? ??????? ????? ???? Carole King ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? . ??? Carole King ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. )
- Carole King, the famous singer, is an American composer and singer-songwriter.
( ??? ???? the famous singer ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? .)
????? ????? : ????? 5 : ????? ??? ????? ( gerund phrase )
????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????( gerund ) ? ???? ( modifier ) ? ???? ( complement ) ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???.
????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? :
(?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.)
???? :
Riding a camel looks easy to me.
(Riding a camel is a gerund phrase acting as a subject in the sentence.)
????? ?????? :
He enjoys milking the farmer’s cows.
(Milking the farmer’s cows is a gerund phrase acting as a direct object in the sentence.)
????? ??? ?????? :
She likes baking cakes for her children.
(Baking cakes is a gerund phrase acting as an indirect object in the sentence.)
????? ??? ?????:
He’s thinking of running a seafood restaurant.
(Running a seafood restaurant is a gerund phrase acting as on object of the preposition of in the sentence.)
???? ???? :
Mike’s only pastime is cycling along the coastal road.
(Cycling along the coastal road is a gerund phrase acting as a subject complement in the sentence.)
????? ????? : ????? 6: ????? ????? ( infinitive phrase)
??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ( infinitive ) ? ???? ( modifier ) ? ???? ??? . ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????.
(1) ?????? ????:
To jog in the park is what I look forward to at weekends.
( to jog ?? ???? ??? ? to jog in the park ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????.)
(2) ?????? ???:
I have my car to wash before dinner.
( to wash ???? ??? ? to wash before dinner ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? car ?? ????? ?????.)
(3) ?????? ???:
We have decided to eat out tonight.
( to eat ???? ? to eat out tonight ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? have decided ?? ????? ?????.)
(4) ?????? ????? ??????:
We need to visit the museum.
( to visit ???? ??? ? to visit the museum ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????.)
(5) ?? ????? predicate nominative:
His great ambition was to bring dinosaurs back to life.
(To bring is an infinitive, and to bring dinosaurs back to life is an infinitive phrase. The infinitive phrase functions as a noun phrase and acts as a predicate nominative that follows an auxiliary verb and identifies ambition in the sentence.)
(to bring = ???? ??? ? to bring dinosaurs back to life????? ????? ???. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? predicate nominative ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ambition ?? ????? ?????. )
????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???.
Examples:
Nick agreed to lend me some money.
( ????? ????? = ???? + ????? ??? ?????? + ????? ??????)
to lend me some money = to lend+ Me + some money )
“????” ????? ?????.
Examples:
He ordered them to clear the path.
(????? ????? = ???? ????? ????? + ???? + ????? ?????? ????? ?????)
????? ????? phrase them to clear the path ????? ?????? ??? ordered ??? . them ???? ????? ????? ???. The path ????? ?????? ???? to clear ???.)
They chose Tom to be the leader of the group.
( ????? ????? = ???? ????? ????? + ???? + ???? ???? + ????? ??? ????? ??)
????? ????? Tom to be the leader of the group ?????? ????? ?????? ??? chose ??? ????? ? Tom ???? ????? ????? ???. To be ???? ??? ? the leader ???? ???? Tom.? of the group ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? leader ?? ????? ?????. )
?? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? them ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? them ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????.
????? ????? : ????? 7: ????? participial ( ????? ??? ???? ???)
????? participial ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ( ing ???) ?? ?????
(-ed ?? -d , -en ???) ???? ? ???? ??? modifier ?? ( ???? ??) ? ???? ?? ? ????? ?? . ????? participial ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ???????.
????:
Looking through her binoculars, my grandmother saw a dark UFO.
looking ? participle ???? ??? ? looking through her binoculars ????? participial ???. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? grandmother ?? ????? ?????? ???.
Emitting a creaking sound, the door slowly opened by itself.
Hit hard on the head by a fallen tree branch, he was airlifted to a hospital.
Terrified by a loud scream, everyone dashed for the exits.
We watched a couple of squirrels scampering across the field.
Children infected with the unknown virus can pass the virus to other children.
????? ??? participial ???? ? ??? ????
??? ????? participial ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????.
Examples:
The man giving a speech is a leader of the Opposition.
giving a speech ????? ???.
The visiting team, suffered another loss this week, has not won any match since the season started.
suffered another loss this week ????? ????.
????? ????? : ????? 8: ????? ??? ????? ??
??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 2 ( ?? ????? ?????? 3) ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????.
????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???.
????:
She spent a large amount of money on clothes.
We could feel the spray from the waterfall.
Many visitors tossed coins into the wishing well.
We set up camp beneath an enormous gnarled old oak tree.
???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? (modifier ) ????? ????? ?????:
???? ?? ???? ?????.
Examples:
She rented an apartment above a pet shop.
We took shelter in a dark cave.
Last night, I dreamed she flew away on a broom.
A sentence can have two prepositional phrases. They may follow each other with their own objects. The prepositional phrases shown here are individually underlined.
?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????
?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???.
Examples:
The farm lies in a valley beside a stream.
We stayed in a cottage near an old cemetery.
There are a few chicken eggs in that box of duck eggs..
?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????.
Examples:
We quarreled in the bedroom and in the kitchen.
We are going to dine either on pasta or on fresh local fish.
????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????.
Examples:
We were the only passengers in the last night train.
in the last night train ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? the last night train ????? ???? ???.
The beach is a nice place for walking on barefoot.
(The preposition is for walking on barefoot, and the participial phrase is walking on barefoot.)
for walking on barefoot ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? walking on barefoot ????? ??? ???? (participial ).
The manager was a woman with thick glasses.
with thick glasses ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???.
He lost his car keys at the coffee bar.
at the coffee bar ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ???.
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