????? ??????? (reflexive verbs) ?? ???? ???????

????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ?????!

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????. (?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????). ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? “???? ?????” (middle voice) ?????? ??????.

????? ????? ??????? ?? ????

????? ?? ????? ????????? (reflexive pronouns)

????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????.

????:

I accidentally burned myself with the hairdryer. (Myself refers to the subject, I.)
The baby is smiling at herself in the mirror. (Herself refers to the subjectthe baby.)
The problem seems to have worked itself out in the end. (Itself refers to the subjectthe problem.)

???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? (reflexive) ????? ??????.

?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????:

#ctaText??#  ??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (finite and nonfinite verb )
I accidentally burned him with the hairdryer.
The baby is smiling at her in the mirror.

????? ??????? ?? ????? ????

???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????. ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???. ????:

My father is shaving in the bathroom.
She always stretches before doing yoga.
Children, please keep quiet!

????? ???? ? ???????

?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? (?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???) ??????? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? (?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????) ??????? ??? ????. ????:

My sisters lunch is cooking on the stove.
This car doesnt drive smoothly anymore.
Her engagement ring broke in half.

?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? (????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??) ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? (???? ??) ??? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????

???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ????:

He decided to apply himself to the work at hand.
She applied pressure to the wound.
They found themselves without a leader.
We found the solution we were looking for.
Please, help yourself to the food.
Please help your brother with his homework.

?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???.

#ctaText??#  ??? Ought to/used to ?? ???? ???????

??? ???

?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???????  (reflexive verbs)  ???? ???? ? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ???.

????? ????
????? ????? ????? ??????? Ergative Verbs
????? ????
????? ??? ?? ???? ???????