???? ????? ???? (Past Perfect Tense)
???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? (???? ????) ??? ????????.
?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? (Past Simple tense) ?? ????? ?????? ???.
????? ????
????:
The train left at 9:00 a.m. I arrived at 9:15 a.m.
???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ???? ?:?? ????? ??????.
?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ?????? ????? ???.
?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????.
???????? ?????? ????:
When I arrived, the train had left.
???? ?????? ???? ???? ???.
?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???.
????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? A ? ????? B ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? A ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? B ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????.
???? ???? ???? ????? ????
| Event B | Event A |
| when I arrived in the office. | John had gone out |
| Event B | Event A |
| before the computer crashed. | I had saved my document |
| Event A | Event B |
| we had already started cooking. | When they arrived |
| Event A | Event B |
| because he hadnt slept well. | He was very tired |
?????? ???? ????? ????
?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???:
- ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???:
The film had started before we arrived.
??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???.
She had established her company before 2008.
??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???.
He had never played soccer until last week.
?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???.
- ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???:
Before he graduated, he had been in London for six years.
??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???.
(?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????).
- ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????:
If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you.
??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
I wish I hadnt gone to bed so late!
??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????!
??? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????
???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? had ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????.
| ????????? ???? (Affirmative forms) | ||
| ??? ????? (Short form) | ??? ???? (Long form) | ???? (Pronoun) |
| Id gone | I had gone | I |
| Youd gone | You had gone | You |
| Hed gone | He had gone | He, She, It |
| wed gone | We had gone | We, You, They |
??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???.
| ????????? ???? (Negative forms) | ||
| ??? ????? (Short form) | ??? ???? (Long form) | ???? (Pronoun) |
| I hadnt gone | I had not gone | I |
| Id not gone | ||
| You hadnt gone | You had not gone | You |
| Youd not gone | ||
| She hadnt gone | She had not gone | He, She, It |
| Shed not gone | ||
| They hadnt gone | They had not gone | We, You, They |
| Theyd not gone |
????: ??? ????? d not + p.p ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????.
?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????
?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? had ? ??? ??? ??? (p.p) ???.
????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????:
Subject + had + p.p
?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????.
| ????????? ???? (Affirmative Statements) | ||
| past participle | had | Subject |
| arrived | had | She |
| ????????? ???? (Negative Statements) | ||
| past participle | had not/hadnt | Subject |
| arrived | hadnt | She |
| ????????? ????? (Questions) | ||
| past participle | subject | Had |
| arrived? | they | Had |
?
????: p.p ???? Past Participle ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????.
?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ed- ????? ??????.
????:
walked
talked
listened
practiced
studied
watched
??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ed- ????? ???????.
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.
| ??? ??? ??? | ??? ????? ??? | ??? ???? ??? |
| brought | brought | bring |
| bought | bought | buy |
| caught | caught | catch |
| come | came | come |
| felt | felt | feel |
| got | got | get |
| had | had | have |
| lost | lost | lose |
| made | made | make |
| said | said | say |
| found | found | find |
| kept | kept | keep |
| thought | thought | think |
| left | left | leave |
| won | won | win |
???? ????? ????
When Miguel arrived, the party had already started.
???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???.
(?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???).
He couldnt make a sandwich because hed forgotten to buy bread.
??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????.
The hotel was full, so I was glad that wed booked in advance.
??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????.
????…
My new job wasnt exactly what Id expected.
???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.
I had never seen such a beautiful sunset before I went to the island.
?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????.
We were not able to stay overnight at the hotel since we had not reserved a room in advance.
????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
She had never been to the symphony before last night.
?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???.
????…
Marc knew Philadelphia so well because he had lived there for five years.
(????) ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???.
He passed the math test because he had been tutored all week.
?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????.
(??? had been tutored ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???).
I did not have any cash because I had lost my purse.
??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????.
I had been to Mexico once before.
????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????.
????…
If I had seen him, I would have told him the news.
??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.
(??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???).
She had lived in California before moving to Texas.
??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???.
The cat had chased the bird before it flew out of the yard.
??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???.
We had just called home when my mom texted us about returning the car.
??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????.
She had visited several doctors before she found out what the problem was with her hand.
??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.
If we had called ahead, we would not have needed to wait so long for a table.
??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? [?? ???????] ?? ?? ?????.
(??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???).
?????? ???? ????? ????
?????? ???? before ? after
before ? after? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? before ? after ???.
They left before Id spoken to them.
??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????.
Sadly, the author died before hed finished his book.
????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???.
?????? ???? already ? still
?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? already ? still ???? ???? ??? ???? (Present Perfect Tense) ?????? ?????.
?????:
I called his office but hed already left.
?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???.
It still hadnt rained at the beginning of May.
?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???.
?????? ???? ever ? never
???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ever ? never ???? ???? (??? ????) ? ??? ???? (Present Prefect Tense) ???.
?????:
It was the most beautiful photo Id ever seen.
?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????.
Had you ever visited London before you moved there?
??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????
Id never met anyone from California before I met Jim.
??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????.
??? ???? just
?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? just ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???.
????:
The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???.
She had just left the room when the police arrived.
??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???.
I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????.
????? ???? ? ????? ????
?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????.
????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????
???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????.
????:
Yesterday my alarm didnt ring, so I woke up late and missed the bus.
????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?????.
??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????
????:
Yesterday I woke up late and missed the bus because my alarm hadnt rung.
????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???.
I arrived at work late because Id missed the bus.
??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????.
???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????
??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???.
????? ??? ????? ???????
??? ???? ????????? ?? e- ??? ???? ?? ????? d- ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????
?????:
close closed
thrive thrived
hope hoped
????? ??? ????? ???????
??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ? y- ??? ???? ?? ????? ed- ??????? ????????
?????:
play played
destroy destroyed
enjoy enjoyed
????? ??? ????? ???????
??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ? y- ??? ???? y- ?? i- ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ed- ????? ???????
?????:
carry carried
try tried
study studied
????? ????? ????? ???????
??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? CVC (??? ?????? + ??? ?????? + ??? ??????) ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ed- ????? ????????
????? ???????? ???:
stop stopped
trap trapped
plan planned
?? ???? ???: ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? (Syllable) ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? (Stress) ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????.
???? ???? ?? ??? refer ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???????? referred ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? visit? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? visited ?????????.
???? ???????? ???? ????? ????
| ????? ????? (Questions) | ????? ???? (Negative Statements) | ????? ???? (Affirmative Statements) |
| Had I worked? | I hadnt worked | I had worked |
| Had you worked? | You hadnt worked | You worked |
| Had she/he/it worked? | He/She/It hadnt worked | He/She/It had worked |
| Had we worked? | We hadnt worked | We had worked |
| Had you worked? | You hadnt worked | You had worked |
| Had they worked? | They hadnt worked | They had worked |
 ?? ???? ???????){kind=link}
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