???? ???? ???? /???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????

???? ???? ??????/ ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (Relative / Adjective Clause)

???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????.???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????

?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? that, which, who, whom, whose

????? ?????? who , who  ???? ????? ?? ????? ? which ????? ?? ????? ????. ???????? that  ? whose ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????:        

what, when, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whichsoever, whosoever, whomsoever, whosesoever, ? whatsoever. 

Examples:

My old uncle is a bachelor.
(?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????..)

My old uncle is a bachelor. He showed me a photo of his new girlfriend.
(?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? who ???? he???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.)

My old uncle who showed me a photo of his new girlfriend is a bachelor.

 (???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? . ????? who  ??????? he  ???.)

???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????:

where, when ?why

Examples:

Security forces raided the rebels� hideouts where they recovered a huge quantity of arms and ammunitions.

I was in the shower when the explosion in a nearby factory occurred. 

There must be some reason why the whales became stranded on the beach.

?????? ???? ???? ??????

?????? ???:

Examples:

That was the new driver who drove his bus into a lamppost.

There are many restaurants here that also serve vegetarian food. 

These large chunks which came from space are called meteorites.

The woman, whose husband is a prisoner, is herself an ex-prisoner.

????? ??????:

Examples:

The vulture is one bird that I dislike.

She is my distant aunty whom I know nothing about.  

These are the crabs which we have caught.

The woman, whose child we look after, is a prisoner.  

????? ??? ?????:

???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? -???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????.

Examples:

This is the house, for which he paid a million dollars.

This is the house, which he paid a million dollars for.

That is the roller coaster, on which we rode for hours.

That is the roller coaster, which we rode on for hours.

In that cottage lived my uncle with whom we sometimes stayed for a month.

In that cottage lived my uncle whom we stayed with sometimes for a month.

???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? which, whom,  ?? ?? that  ??????? ????.

Examples:

This is the house, for which he paid a million dollars.

This is the house that he paid a million dollars for.

That is the roller coaster, on which we rode.

That is the roller coaster that we rode on.

In that cottage lived my uncle with whom we sometimes stayed for a month.

In that cottage lived my uncle that we sometimes stayed with for a month.

 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???.

Examples:

???: There are many ducks that they swim on the village pond. 

????: There are many ducks that swim on the village pond.
???: This is the hotel which we stayed in it on one of our regular visits. 

????: This is the hotel which we stayed in on one of our regular visits.

 (???? which  ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? it  ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????.)

  ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????

???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????.

Examples:

The tooth that caused him toothache the whole night has been extracted.
Not: The tooth caused him toothache the whole night has been extracted. .

The fire, which burnt down the row of wooden houses, was started from a cigarette butt.
Not: The fire burnt down the row of wooden houses was started from a cigarette butt. 

??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????

???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????.

Examples:

The one thousand dollars which he won in a lottery lasted only a week.

The one thousand dollars he won in a lottery lasted only a week.

My only friend whom I have trusted disappeared with my car.

My only friend I have trusted disappeared with my car.

My pet rabbit that I bought yesterday died this morning.

My pet rabbit I bought yesterday died this morning.

 ????? ?????? which ? that

???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????.

Examples:

I bought a pony which/that eats like a horse. (= eats a lot)

I have a watch which/that nowadays tells different time. (= not accurate)

???? ?????? whom

 ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. ???? whom ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????.

Examples:

A friend whom I have known since childhood has grown much fatter than me.

His son whom we hired is a skilled ant eliminator.

The deceased is a close friend whom we will sadly miss.

???? ?????? ???? ?? ????

?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? which ???? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????.

Examples:

Look at the two old men fighting, which is very childish.

Dad refused to lend me his car, which is very disappointing.

The restaurant charges us $100 for the meal, which is outrageously expensive.

The menu has a list of spicy dishes, which is the reason I suggested this restaurant.