جمله واره موصولی/ جمله واره صفتی در زبان انگلیسی (Relative / Adjective Clause)
جمله واره موصولی که جمله واره صفتی هم نامیده میشود ، جمله واره تابعی است که در نتیجه حالت کاملی را بیان نمیکند و در جمله واره اصلی اطلاعات بیشتری در مورد اسم ، که میتواند شخص یا چیز باشد، میدهد.جمله واره موصولی میتواند نقش صفت ، نهاد، مفعول مستقیم ، مفعول حرف اضافه بگیرد
جایگاه جمله واره موصولی بلافاصله بعد از اسم در جمله واره اصلی است و با ضمیر موصولی مشخص میشود. ضمایری مثل that, which, who, whom, whose
ضمایر موصولی who , who برای اشاره به اشخاص و which اشاره به اشیاء دارد. درحالیکه that و whose برای هر دو استفاده میشوند. ضمیر موصولی معمولا نهاد یا مفعول فعلی در جمله واره موصولی است. این ضمایر دیگری که میتوانند جمله واره موصولی را شروع کنند:
what, when, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whichsoever, whosoever, whomsoever, whosesoever, و whatsoever.
Examples:
My old uncle is a bachelor.
(در مورد عموی من بیشتر بدانیم..)
My old uncle is a bachelor. He showed me a photo of his new girlfriend.
(با استفاده از ضمیر موصولی who بجای heجمله دوم را به جمله واره موصولی تبدیل میکنیم. و دوجمله واره ترکیب میشوند.)
My old uncle who showed me a photo of his new girlfriend is a bachelor.
(ضمیر موصولی همیشه جایگزین اسم یا ضمیری میشود . اینجا who جایگزین he شده.)
جمله واره موصولی با قیدی به اسم قید موصولی هم شناخته میشود. ضمایری که بعنوان قید موصولی عمل میکنند:
where, when وwhy
Examples:
Security forces raided the rebels’ hideouts where they recovered a huge quantity of arms and ammunitions.
I was in the shower when the explosion in a nearby factory occurred.
There must be some reason why the whales became stranded on the beach.
کاربرد جمله واره موصولی
بعنوان صفت:
Examples:
That was the new driver who drove his bus into a lamppost.
There are many restaurants here that also serve vegetarian food.
These large chunks which came from space are called meteorites.
The woman, whose husband is a prisoner, is herself an ex-prisoner.
مفعول مستقیم:
Examples:
The vulture is one bird that I dislike.
She is my distant aunty whom I know nothing about.
These are the crabs which we have caught.
The woman, whose child we look after, is a prisoner.
مفعول حرف اضافه:
وقتی در جمله واره موصولی حرف اضافه داشته باشیم ، ضمیر موصولی میتواند مفعول حرف اضافه باشد. حرف اضافه ممکن است اول جمله واره موصولی -یعنی قبل از ضمیر موصولی ، یا اخر جمله واره قرارگیرد.
Examples:
This is the house, for which he paid a million dollars.
This is the house, which he paid a million dollars for.
That is the roller coaster, on which we rode for hours.
That is the roller coaster, which we rode on for hours.
In that cottage lived my uncle with whom we sometimes stayed for a month.
In that cottage lived my uncle whom we stayed with sometimes for a month.
وقتی حرف اضافه اخر جمله واره موصولی باشد میتوانیم which, whom, را با that جایگزین کنیم.
Examples:
This is the house, for which he paid a million dollars.
This is the house that he paid a million dollars for.
That is the roller coaster, on which we rode.
That is the roller coaster that we rode on.
In that cottage lived my uncle with whom we sometimes stayed for a month.
In that cottage lived my uncle that we sometimes stayed with for a month.
اگر ضمیر موصولی در جمله واره صفتی نقش نهاد یا مفعول جمله واره داشته باشد ، نباید ضمیر دیگری بعنوان نهاد یا مفعول به جمله اضافه شود.
Examples:
غلط: There are many ducks that they swim on the village pond.
صحیح: There are many ducks that swim on the village pond.
غلط: This is the hotel which we stayed in it on one of our regular visits.
صحیح: This is the hotel which we stayed in on one of our regular visits.
(کلمه which مفعول جمله واره موصولی است پس لازم نیست ضمیر it را بعنوان یک مفعول دیگر در جمله داشته باشیم.)
حذف ضمیر موصولی با نقش نهاد
ضمیر موصولی وقتی نهاد جمله واره موصولی است قابل حذف نیست.
Examples:
The tooth that caused him toothache the whole night has been extracted.
Not: The tooth caused him toothache the whole night has been extracted. .
The fire, which burnt down the row of wooden houses, was started from a cigarette butt.
Not: The fire burnt down the row of wooden houses was started from a cigarette butt.
حذف ضمیر موصولی با نقش مفعول
وقتی ضمیر موصولی نقش مفعول جمله واره موصولی را دارد میتوانیم حذفش کنیم.
Examples:
The one thousand dollars which he won in a lottery lasted only a week.
The one thousand dollars he won in a lottery lasted only a week.
My only friend whom I have trusted disappeared with my car.
My only friend I have trusted disappeared with my car.
My pet rabbit that I bought yesterday died this morning.
My pet rabbit I bought yesterday died this morning.
ضمایر موصولی which و that
برای توصیف چیزی، در ابتدای جمله واره موصولی می آیند.
Examples:
I bought a pony which/that eats like a horse. (= eats a lot)
I have a watch which/that nowadays tells different time. (= not accurate)
ضمیر موصولی whom
این ضمیر برای اشخاص است و مفعول فعل بعد از خود است. گرچه whom مفعول جمله واره موصولی است ولی مثل بقیه ضمایر موصولی که نهاد جمله واره موصولی هستند در اغاز جمله قرار دارد.
Examples:
A friend whom I have known since childhood has grown much fatter than me.
His son whom we hired is a skilled ant eliminator.
The deceased is a close friend whom we will sadly miss.
ضمیر موصولی معرف کل جمله
تاکنون درمورد جمله واره موصولی که اسمی را توصیف میکند حرف میزدیم. همچنین میتوانیم از جمله واره موصولی که کل جمله واره اصلی را توصیف میکند استفاده کنیم. چنین جمله واره موصولی معمولا با ضمیر موصولی which شروع میشود. قبل از ضمیر موصولی کاما میگذاریم.
Examples:
Look at the two old men fighting, which is very childish.
Dad refused to lend me his car, which is very disappointing.
The restaurant charges us $100 for the meal, which is outrageously expensive.
The menu has a list of spicy dishes, which is the reason I suggested this restaurant.
آخرین دیدگاهها